In addition, adolescent females with ADHD are reported to show more internalizing symptoms than their male counterparts.
Boys with ADHD have been found to have more externalizing disorders than normal developing boys, while females tend to show more internalizing disorders in comparison to normal developing girls. Thus, in clinical practice, co-existing psychiatric problems are the rule rather than the exception. As many as 75% of children with ADHD are likely to have at least one other psychiatric disorder. For example, Sciutto, Nolfi, & Bluhm found that teachers more often refer boys than girls for treatment for ADHD, even when showing equal levels of impairment.Īnother major contributing factor to late or missed diagnoses in females appears to be the presence of co-existing symptoms that often cloud the diagnostic picture. Less disruptive behavior in females with ADHD may contribute to referral bias causing underidentification and lack of treatment for females with ADHD. Further, females with ADHD present more commonly with the inattentive subtype than do boys. Females with ADHD are reported to have fewer hyperactive/impulsive symptoms and more inattentive symptoms when compared with males with ADHD. Research on gender differences suggests that girls may be consistently underidentified and underdiagnosed mostly explained by differences in the expression of the disorder among boys and girls. Worldwide prevalence estimates for childhood ADHD range between 3% and 7% with a male-to-female ratio of 3:1 in population based studies and between 5:1 to 9:1 in clinical samples. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common childhood neuropsychiatric disorders, characterized by problems with inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity.
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